The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 - 1414 AD)

Founder - Giyasuddin Tughlaq

He was succeeded by his son Prince Jauna, in the name of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (1325 - 1351). He has been referred as an 'Illstarred Idealist'.
Muhammad is described as a 'Mixture of opposite'('wisest fool'). It is because all his reforms although with good intention, ended in failure.
Muhammad shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad) in the South in 1327. But is ended in failure. He popularised token currency (made of brass and copper).
Ibn Batuta, a Moroccan traveler visited Indian in 1333 during the period of Muhammad bin Tuglaq.
The Vijayanagar and Bhamini kingdom arose during his period.
Muhammad bin Tughla was succeeded by his cousin Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351 - 1388). The Yamuna Canal was built by him. Firoz established new towns such as Firozpur, Firozabad, Hissar Firoza and Jaunpur.
During the time of later Tughlaqs, Timur, the Mongol invader of Central Asia, invaded India in 1398. The invasion gave a death blow to the already crumbling empire.

The Sayyid Dynasty (1414 - 1451 AD)

Timur's nominee Khizr Khan captured Delhi in 1451 and founded the Sayyid dynasty. The dynasty lasted till 1451 when Alam Shah, the last Sayyid ruler abdicated in favour of Bahalol Lodi, the founder of Lodi dynasty.

The Lodi Dynasty (1451 - 1526 AD)

Founder - Bihlol Lodi in 1451 AD.
Sikander Lodi, the son of Bahlol is the founder of Agra City (1504).
The last ruler of the Lodi dynasty as well as the Delhi Sultanate was Ibrahim Lodi. Daulat Khan Lodi, the Governor of Punjab invited Babur, the kind of Kabul and a descendant of Timur and Chengiz Khan to invade India. In the historical battle of Panipat fought on April 20, 1526 AD, Babur defated Ibrahim Lodi, captured Delhi and laid the foundation for the Mughal empire in India. Panipat is in Modern Haryana state.

Contribution of Sultanate Period

Introduction of Spinning wheel (Charka)
The Shawl Industry of Kashmir was established.
Paper Making Industry arose during this period (The earliest paper manuscript in India is available from Gujarath in 1223 - 24 AD).
Sufi Movement and Bhakti Movement originated during the Sultanate period.
Brahmasutra by Ramanuja.
Sastra Dipika by Parthasarathi
Qutub Minar in Delhi built by Qut-ub-din Aibak in memory of the Sufi guru Qut-ub-din Bhaktiyar Kaki.
Alai-Darvaza built by Alauddin Khilji.
Signifieance of the first battle of Panipat end of Delhi Sultanate beginning of Mugal rule.